Which layers of the OSI reference model are specifically applied between DOCSIS modems and the cable modem termination system (CMTS)?

The correct answer encompasses layers 1 through 4 of the OSI model, which are crucial in the interaction between DOCSIS modems and the cable modem termination system (CMTS).

Layer 1, the Physical Layer, is responsible for the transmission and reception of data on the physical medium, which includes the modulation and demodulation process essential for data transfer over coaxial cable in DOCSIS networks.

Layer 2, the Data Link Layer, manages node-to-node data transfer and error detection and correction, ensuring that the packets sent between the modem and CMTS are free from errors and correctly formatted. Within this layer, DOCSIS specifies both the MAC (Media Access Control) and the physical layer management.

Layer 3, the Network Layer, facilitates the routing of packets through the network. In the context of DOCSIS, this layer is important for packet switching and directing data packets to their destination, allowing for IP-based communication.

Layer 4, the Transport Layer, ensures reliable data transfer between the CMTS and the modem, managing flow control, segmentation, and reassembly of data streams. This layer is critical for maintaining the reliability of data communication.

The other options do not accurately represent the interaction layers involved in